December
26, 2013 -- In the earliest hours of Dec. 24, packages poured into United
Parcel Service Inc. 's main air hub in Louisville, Ky. And they were piling up.
Employees
responsible for sorting packages—already deep into a 100-hour week—were
furiously getting them ready to be sent on to their destinations at airports
around the country. But dozens of other workers responsible for loading those
packages into planes to be shipped out were left standing around idle, because
the unexpected glut of packages from last-minute shoppers had swamped the
company's air fleet.
The
dearth of planes stranded a large volume of packages in Louisville in the early
hours of Tuesday morning. Many of those that did make it out were shipped too
late to make delivery trucks' pickup schedules and were left sitting in
warehouses not far from their destinations. By sundown, UPS was forced to tell
many Americans that the gifts they had ordered wouldn't arrive before Christmas
as promised.
The
bottleneck was largely in UPS's air business, which retailers leaned on heavily
in the past week as they scrambled to fill down-to-the-wire orders. UPS has a
bigger share of retail e-commerce business than FedEx Corp. , but its smaller
fleet of cargo planes might have been a limiting factor, people in the industry
said. UPS said it had added 23 extra chartered aircraft to its year-round
operating fleet of more than 237 planes and regular 293 daily charters. FedEx
owned 581 and leased 66 as of May 31.
UPS
originally expected to ship about 7.75 million packages in its air network
Monday, with about 3.5 million of those sorted at Worldport, as the Louisville
hub is known. The facility handles on average 1.6 million packages a day. It
isn't yet known how many packages arrived at Worldport during the last minute
crush, but on Christmas Eve UPS said the volume of air packages in its system
had exceeded its capacity.
It
is still too early to know what went wrong, UPS said, adding that the company
is analyzing the situation.
Some
shoppers also complained of delays with shipments handled by FedEx. A
spokeswoman said FedEx "experienced no major service disruptions during
this holiday season, and we experienced no major service disruptions in the
week before Christmas, despite heavy volume." She said FedEx is working with
customers "to address any isolated incidents."
UPS
carefully plans how it will handle the holiday peak. Extra resources such as
additional cargo planes had been lined up as "hot spares"—company
lingo for aircraft that could be fired up quickly in case of a logistics
emergency. But it ran into a confluence of factors. Retailers have been
encouraging online sales, which have grown much faster than retail sales
overall. And retailers likely contributed to the logjam by offering some of
their best discounts late in the season in a final push for sales. Many chains
dropped prices on the final Saturday before Christmas to levels below what they
were offering on Black Friday, according to Simeon Siegel, an analyst with
Nomura Equity Research.
That,
coupled with retailers' promises of just-in-time deliveries, encouraged many
shoppers to put in orders at the last minute. People buying from more than 70
retailers including Toys "R" Us Inc. and Dick's Sporting Goods Inc.,
whose online shipping is handled by eBay Enterprise, were able to place Web
orders as late as 11 p.m. on Monday, Dec. 23, a full 24 hours later than last
year.
The
result was a surge in online sales shortly before Christmas. UPS had been
forecasting an 8% average rise in its daily shipping volumes during the
holidays. But online sales in the last weekend before Christmas jumped by 37%
from the year before, according to data from IBM Digital Analytics.
On
Monday Dec. 23, growth in online orders spiked by 63% from the year before,
according to Mercent Corp., which works with more than 550 retailers. By
comparison, overall sales of holiday goods rose 2.3% between Nov. 1 and Dec.
24, according to preliminary data from MasterCard Inc.'s Spending Pulse unit.
To
cope, retailers shifted more orders from shippers' ground delivery to their air
networks to get gifts to customers in time to put them under the tree.
Mercent
CEO Eric Best said some of his clients experienced delays. "It's easy to blame UPS, but it's the
retailers that are pushing these next-day shipping offers in the final hours of
the shopping season," Mr. Best said. "Retailers are driving consumer
expectations to get stuff they ordered by the next day and the later shoppers
wait, the harder it is to predict."
The
shipping delays at UPS sparked outrage among people who had bought gifts from
Amazon.com Inc., Kohl's Corp. and other online retailers in the days and weeks
before Christmas. Many had been swayed by guarantees from the retailers that
their packages would be delivered by the holiday.
Rudy
Lai, a finance executive in Union City, Calif., said part of a gift he ordered
from Amazon was scheduled to be delivered on Christmas Eve. That morning, the
UPS tracking information showed the item had reached Oakland, Calif., and was
"out for delivery," he said. At 5 p.m., he found out that the package
"was left in a UPS facility," according to the information.
Retailers
including Wal-Mart Stores Inc., Amazon and Kohl's have started issuing
customers gift cards and refunds for shipping costs and items that didn't
arrive before Christmas. Those retailers are expected to seek reimbursement
from UPS or other carriers that had guaranteed arrival times. UPS had made such
guarantees for many air shipments during the holidays, though some large
retailers may have waived them, analysts said. The company has said it would
honor guarantees it made to customers, but it isn't clear how much the carrier
might have to pay.
Analysts
at StellaService Inc., a startup that measures customer satisfaction with
online shopping, placed orders for tablets, boots and other gift items at 25
top retailers including Amazon, Wal-Mart and Kohl's to see if they would
receive the gifts in time for Christmas Eve.
The
orders were placed on the last day the retailer guaranteed delivery by Dec. 24,
the latest of which was Dec. 23. Out of 75 orders, 12 items—from retailers
including Dell, Macy's, Gap and Pottery Barn—didn't make it to the analysts'
homes by Dec. 25. Eleven of those items were delivered by UPS.
UPS
handles 50% to 60% of e-commerce orders, according to Sucharita Mulpuru, an
analyst with Forrester Research. And it is an increasingly crucial part of its
business. In its 2012 annual report, UPS said "business to consumer"
shipments represented over 40% of its domestic package volume and grew rapidly.
Its business-to-business shipping volume, meanwhile, was relatively flat.
UPS
deployed its spare planes Monday and flew twice as many flights as usual on
Christmas Eve. It flew 50% more on Thursday to handle the additional volume.
Laura Stevens, Serena Ng And Shelly Banjo www.onlinewsj.com